India’s journey from Independence to becoming one of the world’s leading scientific and technological nations is among the most remarkable transformations in modern history. At Independence, the country faced food shortages, low industrial capacity, widespread poverty, and limited scientific infrastructure. The literacy rate was only around 12%, with an even smaller proportion of the population having access to higher education—particularly in science and technology—and life expectancy was below 35 years. Yet, through visionary leadership and sustained investments, first in education and then Research & Development (R&D) in science and technology, India built a strong knowledge ecosystem that has shaped its economic and social progress over the decades.
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